After graduating from Moscow State University (1938), Ginzburg was appointed to the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences in 1940, and from 1971 to 1988 he headed the institute's theory group. He also taught at Gorky University (1945–68) and from 1968 at the Moscow Technical Institute of Physics. Ginzburg received the State Prize of the Soviet Union in 1953 and the Lenin Prize in 1966.

Ginzburg conducted his prizewinning research on superconductivity in the 1950s. First identified in 1911, superconductivity is the disappearance of electrical resistance in various solids when they are cooled below a characteristic temperature, which is typically very low. Scientists formulated various theories on why the phenomenon occurred in certain metals, termed type I superconductors. Ginzburg also developed such a theory, and it proved so comprehensive that Abrikosov later used it to build a theoretical explanation for type II superconductors. Ginzburg's achievement also enabled other scientists to create and test new superconducting materials and build more powerful electromagnets.

Another significant theory developed by Ginzburg was that cosmic (cosmic ray) radiation in interstellar space is produced not by thermal radiation but by the acceleration of high-energy electrons in magnetic fields, a process known as synchrotron radiation. In 1955 Ginzburg (with I.S. Shklovsky) discovered the first quantitative proof that the cosmic rays observed near the Earth originated in supernovae. Upon the discovery in 1969 of pulsars (pulsar) (believed to be neutron stars formed in supernova explosions), he expanded his theory to include pulsars as a related source of cosmic rays.