After distinguished service as a pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force in World War II, Gorton was elected to national office in 1949 as a senator for Victoria. He directed a reequipment program as minister of the navy (1958–63) and then served as minister of works (1963–66). He administered the government scientific research program from 1962 to 1968, and in 1966 he was named the first minister for education and science. Following Harold Holt (Holt, Harold)'s death in 1967, he became prime minister, leading a coalition of the Liberal and Country parties.

As prime minister, Gorton maintained Australian troops in South Vietnam, although he was less absolute in adhering to American policy than was his predecessor. Gorton sponsored legislation extending educational and employment opportunities for Aboriginals. He resigned in March 1971, losing a Liberal Party vote of confidence, but served as minister for defense in the subsequent administration of William McMahon (McMahon, Sir William). Later he left the Liberal Party and became an independent critic of national affairs. He was knighted in 1977.