city, seat (1855) of Wilson county, east-central North Carolina, U.S. It lies roughly midway between Rocky Mount (north) and Goldsboro (south) and is about 45 miles (70 km) east of Raleigh. The area was settled in the mid-18th century around a Baptist church and was originally known as Hickory Grove. This village and neighbouring Toisnot Junction were together incorporated as Wilson in 1849, named for General Louis D. Wilson, who died at Vera Cruz during the Mexican War (Mexican-American War).

It developed as a leading market for bright-leaf tobacco. Agriculture and diversified light manufacturing now augment its tobacco-based economy. Wilson is the seat of Barton College (founded 1902 as Atlantic Christian College) and Wilson Technical Community College (1958). The Golden Leaf Celebration held annually in September features tobacco-judging contests and other activities. The Tobacco Farm Life Museum in nearby Kenly replicates a farm of the mid-19th century, and the tobacco markets in Wilson are open to tours. Pop. (1990) 36,930; (2000) 44,405.