city, seat (1887) of Cascade county, west-central Montana, U.S. It lies along the Missouri River, near the falls (96 feet 【29 metres】 high) for which it was named. In 1805 the explorers Meriwether Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) and William Clark (Clark, William) observed the falls and nearby Giant Springs, one of the world's largest freshwater springs. First settled in 1883, the community was sustained with the arrival in 1887 of the Manitoba Railway. Great Falls has since become Montana's second-largest city and a financial, distributing, manufacturing, and agricultural centre (based largely on local mineral resources, wheat, and livestock). Copper, zinc, and aluminum are processed, and flour is milled. Nearby Malmstrom Air Force Base is the site of a Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) installation.

The city's institutions include the Montana School for the Deaf and the Blind (founded 1893 as Montana School for the Deaf, Blind, Dumb and Feebleminded at Boulder, south of Helena); the University of Great Falls (Roman Catholic; founded 1932 as the College of Great Falls); and Montana State University-Great Falls College of Technology (founded 1969 as Great Falls Vocational-Technical Center), a two-year college. Great Falls is the headquarters of the Lewis and Clark National Forest, the nearby Benton Lake National Wildlife Refuge, and Giant Springs State Park. The city has a considerable tourist trade; the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center at Giant Springs and the C.M. Russell Museum are popular attractions. Great Falls is also the site of the annual state fair. Inc. 1888. Pop. (1992 est.) city, 56,628; (1990) Great Falls MSA, 77,691; (2000) city, 56,690; Great Falls MSA, 80,357.