German novelist, essayist, and screenwriter most often associated with East Germany.

Wolf was reared in a middle-class, pro-Nazi family. With the defeat of Germany in 1945, she moved with her family to East Germany. She studied at the Universities of Jena and Leipzig (1949–53), thereafter working as editor of the East German Writers' Union magazine and as a reader for book publishers. After 1962 she was a full-time writer.

Wolf's first novel was Moskauer Novelle (1961; “Moscow Novella”). Her second novel, Der geteilte Himmel (1963; Divided Heaven; filmed 1964), established her reputation. This work explores the political and romantic conflicts of Rita and Manfred. He defects to West Berlin for greater personal and professional freedom; she, after a brief stay with him, rejects the West and returns to East Berlin. The novel brought Wolf political favour.

Nachdenken über Christa T. (1968; The Quest for Christa T.) concerns an ordinary woman who questions her socialist beliefs and life in a socialist state and then dies prematurely of leukemia. Though well received by Western critics, the novel was severely attacked by the East German Writers' Congress, and its sale was forbidden in East Germany.

Wolf's other works include Kindheitsmuster (1976; A Model Childhood), a semiautobiographical account of growing up in the Third Reich; Till Eulenspiegel (1972; filmed 1974), which interprets the folk legend from a Marxist point of view; Kassandra (1983; Cassandra), an inner monologue that associates nuclear power with patriarchal power; Was bleibt (1990; What Remains), an account of the surveillance practices of the East German government, in which Wolf implicates herself; Störfall (1987; Accident: A Day's News), which juxtaposes the Chernobyl disaster (Chernobyl accident) with the narrator's brother's brain tumour operation; Auf dem Weg nach Tabou (1997; Parting from Phantoms: Selected Writings, 1990–1994); Medea: A Novel (1998); and Leibhaftig (2002; In the Flesh), in which the narrator experiences a health crisis that parallels the disintegration of the East German state. The memoir Ein Tag im Jahr: 1960–2000 (2003; One Day a Year) was a project 40 years in the making. Once each year, on September 27, Wolf recorded her thoughts on her life and surroundings, and the book provides a unique look at East Germany from the rise of the Berlin Wall to the post-unification period.