Soviet foreign minister (1957–85) and president (1985–88) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. Although never strongly identified with any particular policy or political faction, he served dependably as a skilled emissary and spokesman.

Gromyko was born in a Belorussian village, the son of a peasant, and attended an agricultural school in Minsk, studying agricultural economics. After completing postgraduate studies in 1936, he served as senior research associate at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences and as a university lecturer (1936–39). In the wake of Joseph Stalin's purges, which depleted the foreign service, Gromyko was appointed chief of the U.S. division of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in 1939. While yet learning English, he was appointed counselor at the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. In 1943 he became ambassador to the United States (at the young age of 34) and in 1946 became a representative to the UN Security Council. He was promoted to deputy foreign minister in 1946 and further to first deputy foreign minister in 1949. In 1952 he became a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom. In 1953 he returned to Moscow as deputy foreign minister, resuming his post as first deputy foreign minister in 1954. In 1956 he attained full membership on the Central Committee.

In 1957 Gromyko began his long tenure as foreign minister. His exact influence in policy making is unclear. He became renowned for his extensive knowledge of international affairs and for his negotiating skills, and he was entrusted with major diplomatic missions and policy statements. He frequently accompanied other Soviet leaders, including Nikita S. Khrushchev, Leonid Brezhnev, and Aleksey Kosygin, on visits to foreign leaders. He became a member of the Politburo in 1973 and was named a first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1983.

After Mikhail S. Gorbachev (Gorbachev, Mikhail) became head of the Soviet Communist Party in 1985, a younger man, Eduard A. Shevardnadze, was appointed to head the foreign ministry, and Gromyko was promoted to the presidency, a position that carried great prestige but little power. Gromyko gave up his Politburo seat and the presidency of the Supreme Soviet on Sept. 30, 1988, in the midst of Gorbachev's shake up of the Politburo. A further party purge in April 1989 resulted in Gromyko's removal from the Central Committee as well. His autobiography was published in 1988 and translated into English in 1990.