German eye surgeon, considered the founder of modern ophthalmology.

Albrecht was the son of Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe, a noted surgeon who was a pioneer in early German plastic surgery. The creator of one of Europe's leading eye clinics (1850), Albrecht was the first to exploit the German physiologist Hermann Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope (a perforated mirror used to inspect the interior of the eye). Working at the University of Berlin (1853–70), Gräfe developed several effective surgical remedies for eye disorders. He introduced (1857) iridectomy (surgical removal of part of the iris) for the alleviation of glaucoma, a disease resulting in opacity of the lens. He showed (1860) that blindness and visual defects connected with cerebral disorders are often traceable to optic neuritis, or inflammation of the optic nerve. Gräfe also developed (1867) a surgical treatment for cataract by extraction of the lens.

He is best known for his description (1864) of “Gräfe's sign” for exophthalmic goitre—failure of the upper eyelid to follow the eyeball when looking downward. Among his writings is Handbuch der gesammten Augenheilkunde, 7 vol. (1874–80; “Manual of Comprehensive Ophthalmology”).