city, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. The city lies at the confluence of the Bormida and Tanaro rivers, southeast of Turin (Torino).

It was founded in 1168 by the towns of the Lombard League as an Alpine valley stronghold against the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa). The town was first called Civitas Nova and then Cesaria, until it was renamed for Pope Alexander III; it became a bishopric in 1175. The town was later ceded to the emperor, then transferred to the Milanese Visconti family in the 14th century, and passed formally to the house of Savoy in 1713. From 1796 to 1814 it was the capital of the French département of Marengo, which was named for the site of Napoleon's victory outside the city in 1800. Alessandria was a centre of the early 19th-century freedom movement in Piedmont, including the conspiracy of Giuseppe Mazzini (Mazzini, Giuseppe) in 1833. A strategic stronghold, it was garrisoned by the Austrians after their victory at Novara (1849). The city's expansion beyond its 19th-century defense works is of comparatively recent date.

Landmarks include the cathedral (1170), the Romanesque-Gothic church of Santa Maria di Castello (rebuilt 14th–15th century), and the 15th-century episcopal palace. There are other palaces of the 15th–19th centuries, as well as the town hall (1826) and the civic museum and picture gallery. An important rail and road junction, Alessandria is also noted for hat making (notably the Borsalino). It is an important agricultural and wine market and has diversified industries. Pop. (2004 est.) 85,939.