city, northeastern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi (Kwangsi), southern China. The natural route centre of the Gui River basin, Guilin lies along the easiest of all the routes leading from central China to Guangdong province—that between the headwaters of the Xiang River in Hunan province and the upper waters of the Gui River (there called the Li River). The two streams were linked in early times by the remarkable Ling Canal, which thereby made it possible for small craft to pass between the Yangtze (Yangtze River) (north) and Xi (Xi River system) (south) river systems.

When the first emperor of the Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE) undertook his great campaign against the state of Nanyue in Guangdong, his forces arrived by this route and are said to have set up the first administration in the area. In the 1st century BCE, the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) established a county seat there, called Shi'an. The former county name, Lingui, was first given during the Tang dynasty (618–907). Under the Ming (Ming dynasty) (1368–1644) and Qing (Qing dynasty) (1644–1911/12) dynasties, it became Guilin superior prefecture; under the Qing it was also the provincial capital of Guangxi. In 1912 it reverted to county status as Guilin, and the provincial capital was moved to Nanning. It again became the provincial capital in 1936 but was replaced for a second time by Nanning in 1949.

Guilin has long been an important centre of trade and administration because of its location on an agriculturally rich valley floor that is also the easiest route south from Hunan. In 1939 the Hunan-Guangxi railway was extended through Guilin to Liuzhou via this corridor.

Guilin has always been a handicraft centre, but until 1949 the only signs of modern industry were a thermal power plant, a cement works, and some small textile mills. Since the 1950s Guilin has developed industries engaged in the manufacture of electronics, engineering and agricultural equipment, medicine, rubber, and buses, and it also has textile and cotton yarn factories. Food processing, including the processing of local agricultural produce, remains the most important industry.

Guilin is also a cultural centre. As a major centre of Buddhism in the 7th century, it had many famous monasteries. Today the city has more than 10 colleges and universities. Guilin (its name means “Forest of Sweet Osmanthus”) is set in a landscape of outstanding natural beauty and is renowned for its karst formations. Deep erosion of the limestone plateau has left a multitude of tall needle-shaped pinnacles out of whose steep sides trees sprout improbably. These fantastical mountains have long been memorialized in Chinese painting and poetry. The city also has many caves, the largest and most spectacular of which is Ludiyan (“Reed Flute Cave”). Guilin is listed as a state-level historical and cultural city. There are scheduled flights to major cities in China and to Japan and the countries of Southeast Asia. Pop. (2002 est.) 534,861; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 887,000.