Guimard was dancing at the Comédie-Française at the age of 15 but soon transferred to the Opéra. While understudying Marie Allard, she replaced her in the role of Terpsichore in Les Fêtes grecques et romaines (1762) and, with her light, delicate steps, won immediate recognition. Made premiere danseuse in 1763, she appeared in Jean-Philippe Rameau's Castor et Pollux and, with her clear and expressive pantomime, was an ideal performer in Jean-Georges Noverre's dramatic ballets, excelling in Les Caprices de Galatée and Médée et Jason. Nevertheless, she supported her colleague Maximilien Gardel, whose La Chercheuse d'esprit was her favourite ballet, in opposing Noverre's engagement as ballet master at the Opéra.

A thin woman, she was called “the skeleton of the graces” by her contemporaries. In the prime of her career she had smallpox, but its scars did not detract from her popularity or hinder her love affairs. The painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard (Fragonard, Jean-Honoré) was among her many ardent admirers, painting her several times and decorating one of her magnificent houses. She did not marry until after her retirement in 1789, when she became the wife of the dancer and poet Jean-Étienne Despréaux.