poet, dramatist, and regional novelist whose works marked a major transition toward greater realism in Brazilian literature and who was popular in his time as a minor Romantic novelist.

After a youthful bohemian life in São Paulo, Guimarães retired to his native Minas Gerais to write and teach school. Guimarães' subject, like that of his contemporary José Martiniano de Alençar, was the Brazilian frontier, but he avoided Alençar's Romanticism. His antislavery novel A Escrava Isaura (1875; “The Slave Girl Isaura”), which helped to promote abolitionist sentiment in Brazil, is an early example of Latin-American social-protest literature and was compared to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).