Born of a noble family, Góis spent 10 years of his childhood at the court of King Manuel I and was appointed to a secretarial post at a Portuguese trading establishment in Antwerp in 1523 by John III, Manuel's successor. He carried out a series of diplomatic and commercial missions throughout Europe between 1528 and 1531. In 1533 he resigned from government service in order to devote himself exclusively to humanistic pursuits. Góis became a close friend of the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus, who guided him in his studies as well as in his writing. He studied in Padua between 1534 and 1538 and was acquainted with the Italian humanists Pietro Bembo and Lazzaro Buonamico. A short time thereafter Góis settled in Leuven for a period of six years.

Góis was taken prisoner during the French invasion of the Low Countries but was freed through the intervention of King John III, who summoned him to Portugal. In 1548 he was appointed chief keeper of the Tôrre do Tombo, the national archive, and 10 years later was chosen by Cardinal Henrique to write the official chronicle of King Manuel I, which was completed in 1567. But his historical work gave offense to leading noble families, and in 1571 Góis faced the charges of the Inquisition and was subjected to imprisonment and a series of hearings lasting nearly two years. Abandoned by his family, he is thought to have died in his birthplace, Alenquer.

Góis's major works, in both Latin and Portuguese, are histories. They include the Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei Dom Emanuel (4 parts, 1566–67; “Chronicle of the Most Happy King Dom Manuel”) and the Crónica do Príncipe Dom João (1567; “Chronicle of Prince Dom John”). Unlike his contemporary João de Barros, the cosmopolitan humanist maintained a neutral position in his chronicles dealing with King Manuel the Fortunate and his son Prince John.