an ancient lineage of mammals comprising the armadillos (armadillo) (order Cingulata) and the sloths (sloth) and anteaters (anteater) (order Pilosa). The namesake feature shared by all members of Xenarthra is seen in the lower backbone. The lumbar vertebrae are “xenarthrous”; that is, they have extra contacts (joints, or arthroses) that function to strengthen the lower back and hips. This aids use of the forelegs in activities not associated with locomotion, such as digging—the primary method used by anteaters and armadillos to obtain food.

Xenarthran diets range from strictly insectivorous in anteaters, which eat only ants and termites, to strictly folivorous in sloths, which eat only leaves. Armadillos, not nearly as specialized, eat a variety of plant matter and small animals. Xenarthran metabolisms, however, are similar in that all are low compared with those of other mammals; some burn calories at less than half the rate expected for mammals of similar size. As a result, xenarthrans eat less than other mammals and have body temperatures that are a few degrees cooler.

Present distribution of xenarthrans is restricted to Latin America, the exception being the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), whose range extends into the southern United States.

Xenarthrans are known only from the Western Hemisphere and arose in South America during the Paleocene Epoch (65 million to 54.8 million years ago). The fossil record shows that the group was both more diverse and more widely distributed as recently as the Pleistocene Epoch (1,800,000 to 10,000 years ago), when ground sloths colonized the islands of the Greater Antilles and glyptodonts, ground sloths such as Megatherium, and giant armadillos roamed North America. At least one species of ground sloth reached present-day Alaska.