Chinese writer, journalist, and playwright known for his leftist plays and films.

Xia was sent to study in Japan in 1920, and, after his forced return to China in 1927, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. In 1929 he founded the Shanghai Art Theatre, was the first to call for a “drama of the proletariat,” and translated Maksim Gorky (Gorky, Maksim)'s novel Mat (Mother) into Chinese. He became one of the leaders of the League of Left-Wing Writers when it was formed in 1930 and helped found the Left-Wing Dramatists League as well. After 1932 he established himself in film circles and wrote and adapted several screenplays using the name Huang Zibu. In the mid-1930s Xia wrote several plays, including Sai Jinhua (1936), the story of a Qing dynasty courtesan, and Shanghai wuyanxia (1937; Under Shanghai Eaves), a naturalistic depiction of tenement life that became a standard leftist work. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, Xia worked as a journalist while continuing his creative writing. He published Faxisi-xijun (“The Fascist Bacillus”) in 1942 and Tianya-fangcao (“Fragrant Flowers on the Horizon”) in 1945. After the war he held several official positions, including vice-minister of culture (appointed 1955).

Xia's subsequent literary works include the stage play Kao yan (1953; The Test) and two screenplays, one based on a story by Lu Xun and the other on a story by Mao Dun. In 1964 he was subjected to harsh criticism, and in 1965 he was removed from the office of vice-minister of culture. He spent more than eight years in prison during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and was rehabilitated in 1978. In 1984 he published his reminiscences, Lan-xun-jiumeng-lu (“Lazily Searching for Old Dreams”).