city, southern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. It is situated in the far south of the Henan plain, in the basin between the Dabie Mountains (south) and the Huai River (north). It has traditionally been on a cultural divide between the plain and the hilly districts to the south. It was also a natural route centre on the Shi River, a tributary of the Huai. The Shi has become partially passable for relatively large craft since the construction of the Nanwan Dam, which provides a constant flow of water. To the south the Mingwei Pass (now Pingjing Pass) leads over the Dabie Mountains, while two further passes—the Wusheng and the Jiuli—lead into Hubei (Hupeh) province and the Han River valley.

The area has been settled since early times. Neolithic remains have been discovered in several sites. During the centuries before unification under the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, the site was a frontier settlement of Chu and a major defensive position. It was also a place of strategic importance from the 4th to the late 6th century CE but constantly changed hands and underwent many name changes. The name Xinyang was first given to the town in 976. The present city dates from the late 14th century, when the local administration was transferred from an earlier site nearby. Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) it was known as Sanzhou. It reverted to county status and took its present name in 1913.

Xinyang was always the local centre of a fertile district, and its prosperity grew after the completion of the Beijing-Hankou railway in 1905. As the southernmost rail junction in Henan, with good road and river transport facilities, the city grew into a major collecting point for grain, cotton, green tea, and other local agricultural produce. However, its favourable location was not fully utilized in the later half of the 20th century, and Xinyang remained a local commercial and traffic centre, with chemical and food-processing industries as its economic base. Two projects completed in the early 21st century—a major expressway between Beijing and Zhuhai (adjacent to Macau) and a new rail line from Nanjing (Nanking) (Jiangsu) to Xi'an (Shaanxi)—that both pass by Xinyang have increased the city's role as a major communications hub. Jigong (Rooster) Hill, 15 miles (24 km) south of Xinyang, is a nationally designated scenic spot and a summer resort. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 410,393; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 1,541,000.