city, central Henan sheng (province), China. It is situated along the southwestern edge of the North China Plain northeast of the Funiu Range (an eastern extension of the Qin 【Tsinling】 Mountains (Qin Mountains)). It has since early times been a natural transportation hub—the point where the north-south route along the western edge of the North China Plain is crossed by the main route running northeast to Shangqiu and to Shandong (Shantung) province and by the southwesterly route to Nanyang and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) valley.

The name Xu dates to the Xi (Western) Zhou (Zhou dynasty) period (1111–771 BCE), when the site was given as a fief to the descendants of the legendary deity Taiyue Dadi, who lived on Mount Tai (Tai, Mount) in Shandong province. In 196 CE, during the Dong (Eastern) Han period, when the two capitals, Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in Shaanxi and Luoyang in Henan, were in a state of disorder, the Xiandi emperor established his capital at Xuchang. Under the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) it was a major centre of commerce, with manufacturing controlled by the government.

Xuchang held the administrative status of either a prefecture or a commandery under succeeding dynasties. After the Juchen conquest in 1127, it was renamed Xuzhou, and it kept this name until 1913, when it became a county seat named Xuchang. Its importance was increased by the completion of the Beijing-Hankou railway in 1905, as a result of which it became the main collecting centre for agricultural produce from the western plain of Henan. By World War II it was a flourishing commercial city.

The surrounding region produces cotton, good-quality tobacco, sesame, vegetables, and hides, which are mostly sent to Hankou ( Wuhan) by rail. By the early 1970s the city had various processing and some handicraft industries, including an industry producing felt hats. There is also a well-established ceramics industry, dating at least to the 11th century, which now produces mostly coarse domestic ware for the local regional market. The region around Xuchang is also Henan's leading tobacco-growing area, and the city has built facilities to process tobacco and make tobacco-processing machinery. The Beijing-Guangzhou (Canton) trunk rail line runs north-south through the city, and a provincial Yuzhou-Dancheng line passes through it east-west. Two national highways intersect near the city. In the late 1990s a major expressway from Beijing to Zhuhai (south of Guangzhou (Canton)) was opened to traffic, further increasing Xuchang's transportation links. Pop. (2002 est.) 305,454.