Bengali politician and leader of the Awami League political party, who as prime minister of Bangladesh (1996–2001; 2009–) has faced increasing political unrest and strong opposition from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).

Hasina was the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Rahman, Mujibur), the principal orchestrator of Bangladesh's separation from Pakistan in 1971. In 1968 she married M.A. Wazed Miah, an eminent Bengali scientist. While at the University of Dhaka in the late 1960s, she was active in politics and served as her father's political liaison during his imprisonment by the Pakistani government. Hasina and other members of her family also were detained, briefly in 1971 for their participation in an uprising during the war of liberation that ultimately led to Bangladesh's independence.

On Aug. 15, 1975, Hasina's father (who had just a few months earlier become president of Bangladesh), mother, and three brothers were assassinated in their home by several military officers. Hasina, who was out of the country when the killings occurred, subsequently spent six years in exile. During that time she was elected to the leadership of the Awami League, which had been founded by her father and had since become the largest political organization in Bangladesh.

On her return home in 1981, Hasina became a prominent and outspoken advocate of democracy, which resulted in her placement under house arrest on numerous occasions. She ultimately secured a seat as leader of the opposition in the parliament, where she condemned the violence of military rule and initiated measures to secure basic human rights for all citizens. In December 1990 the last military leader of Bangladesh, Lieut. Gen. Hussain Mohammad Ershad, resigned in response to an ultimatum issued by Hasina and broadly supported by the people of Bangladesh.

In 1991—in the first free general election to be held in Bangladesh in 16 years—Hasina failed to obtain a majority in the parliament, and governing power passed to her opponent Khaleda Zia, leader of the BNP. Hasina and her followers accused the BNP of dishonesty during the election, and the Awami League, along with other opposition parties, boycotted the parliament. This act of defiant nonparticipation sparked violent demonstrations and plunged the country into a state of political turmoil. Although the BNP government denied all allegations of vote fraud, Khaleda succumbed to demands that she relinquish her office to a nonparty caretaker government that would oversee a new election. Hasina was elected prime minister in June 1996.

Although the economy of Bangladesh grew steadily during Hasina's tenure as prime minister, the country remained in political disarray. The BNP organized rallies and strikes, which often turned violent, while boycotts of parliamentary proceedings severely undermined the functionality of the government. Despite such adversity, Hasina remained in office, and in 2001 she became the first prime minister since independence to complete a full five-year term. The ensuing election was marred by further unrest, as Khaleda led an opposition alliance that solidly defeated Hasina. Once again Hasina and the Awami League protested the outcome of the election, claiming that the results had been fixed. This time, however, their protests were futile.

Following Khaleda's return to power, Hasina continued her work with the Awami League in what remained a highly volatile political atmosphere. In 2004 she sustained minor injuries during a grenade attack at a political rally. In 2007—after a military-backed interim government had declared a state of emergency and canceled parliamentary elections—Hasina was arrested on charges of extortion, alleged to have taken place during her tenure as prime minister. Similarly, Khaleda was arrested on charges of corruption. Both were imprisoned. Hasina was released from jail in June 2008 and Khaleda in September. Later that year the state of emergency was lifted, and general elections were scheduled for December 29. Running opposite Khaleda and the BNP, Hasina and the Awami League swept a solid majority into the parliament. Hasina was sworn in as prime minister in January 2009.