city, northwestern Turkey. It lies near the head of İzmit Gulf of the Sea of Marmara (Marmara, Sea of). The city spreads across several hills and over a narrow plain that contains its commercial and industrial sections.

Originally a Megarian city founded in the 8th century BCE and called Astacus (or Olbia), it achieved its greatest fame as Nicomedia, built about 264 BCE by Nicomedes I of Bithynia to replace the destroyed old city. It served as the capital of the kingdom of Bithynia and later, under the Romans, was often the residence of emperors. It became the eastern capital of the Roman Empire under Diocletian. After a period of decline under the Byzantines, it fell to the Ottomans in 1326. Historical monuments in the city include the remains of the ancient walls and a Byzantine fortress; a 16th-century mosque was built by the renowned Ottoman court architect Sinan. On Aug. 17, 1999, the city was near the epicentre of a devastating earthquake, which killed more than 17,000 people, injured more than 40,000, and destroyed or seriously damaged hundreds of thousands of buildings.

İzmit's growth in modern times resulted mainly from its rapid industrialization and its position on the main road and rail line between Istanbul and Ankara. It is the centre of the Turkish paper industry, meeting about half of the country's requirements. It also has a large oil refinery. Other industries include cement, phosphate, textiles, petrochemicals, and tires. The port of İzmit handles both domestic and international shipping. The city is connected by road with major towns. Pop. (2007) 248,424.