maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between the 7th and the 13th century in the Malay Archipelago. The kingdom, which originated in Palembang on Sumatra, soon extended its influence and controlled the Strait of Malacca. The kingdom's power was based on its control of international sea trade. It established trade relations not only with the states in the archipelago but also with China and India.

Śrivijaya was also a religious centre in the region. It adhered to Mahāyāna Buddhism and soon became the stopping point for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India. The kings of Śrivijaya even founded monasteries at Negapatam in India.

Śrivijaya continued to grow; by the year 1000 it controlled most of Java but soon lost it to Cōḷa (Chola dynasty), an Indian maritime and commercial kingdom, which found Śrivijaya an obstacle on the sea route between South and East Asia. In 1025 Cōḷa seized Palembang, captured the King, and carried off his treasures and also attacked other parts of the kingdom. By the end of the 12th century, Śrivijaya had been reduced to a small kingdom and its dominant role in Sumatra was taken by Malayu (based in Jambi), a vassal of Java. A Javanese kingdom, Majapahit, soon began to dominate the Indonesian political scene.