sixth ruler of the Egyptian Shīʿite Fāṭimid dynasty, noted for his eccentricities and cruelty, especially his persecutions of Christians and Jews. He is held by adherents of the Druze religion to be a divine incarnation.

Al-Ḥākim was named caliph in 996 and depended at first on the Berber regiments in his army for his power. When he took control of government, his policies proved to be arbitrary and harsh. He ordered, for example, the sacking of the city al-Fusṭāṭ (near present-day Cairo), the killing of all dogs (whose barking annoyed him), and bans on various kinds of vegetables and shellfish. His religious persecutions affected Sunnite Muslims as well as Jews and Christians. At times, however, his administration was tolerant. During famines he distributed food and tried to stabilize prices. He also founded mosques and patronized scholars and poets. In 1017 he began to encourage the teachings of some Ismāʿīlī missionaries (members of the radical Shīʿite sect to which his dynasty belonged), who held that he was the incarnation of divinity. The Druze religion developed from the teaching of these men.

Al-Ḥākim mysteriously vanished while taking a walk on the night of Feb. 13, 1021.