son and principal heir of Herod I the Great as king of Judaea, deposed by Rome because of his unpopularity with the Jews.

Named in his father's will as ruler of the largest part of the Judaean kingdom—Judaea proper, Idumaea, and Samaria—Archelaus went to Rome (4 BC) to defend his title against the claims of his brothers Philip and Antipas before the emperor Augustus. Augustus (Augustus) confirmed him in possession of the largest portion but did not recognize him as king, giving him instead the lesser title of ethnarch to emphasize his dependence on Rome.

Archelaus was half Idumaean and half Samaritan and, like his father, was considered an alien oppressor by his Jewish subjects. Their repeated complaints against him caused Augustus to order him to Rome again in AD 6. After a trial in which he was unsuccessfully defended by the future emperor Tiberius, he was deprived of his throne and exiled to Gaul.

In the account of the Gospel According to Matthew (2:22), it was fear of Archelaus' tyranny that led Jesus' (Jesus Christ) family to settle outside his domain at Nazareth in Galilee.