brother of the tyrant Gelon and tyrant of Syracuse, Sicily, from 478 to 467/466 BC.

Hieron became ruler of Syracuse upon the death of Gelon. During his reign he took advantage of the defeat of Carthaginian power in Sicily (in 480) to greatly increase the power of Syracuse. His most important single achievement was the defeat of the Etruscans at Cumae (474), by which he saved the Greeks of Campania (now in southern Italy). A bronze helmet (now in the British Museum, London), with an inscription commemorating the event, was dedicated at Olympia. He removed the inhabitants of Naxos and Catana (Catania) to Leontini, resettled Catana (which he renamed Etna) with Dorians, concluded an alliance with Acragas (Agrigentum, modern Agrigento), and espoused the cause of the Locrians (of southern Italy) against Anaxilas, tyrant of Rhegium (Reggio di Calabria). Though despotic in his rule, Hieron was a liberal patron of literature. The poets Aeschylus, Pindar, and Bacchylides were among those who repaid his hospitality with elegant flattery.