the writings of the western Braj Bhasa (Braj Bhasa language) and Khari Boli and of the eastern Awadhi and Bundeli dialects of the Indian subcontinent and also the writings of parts of Rajasthan in the west and of Bihar in the east that, strictly speaking, are not Hindi at all. Hindi literature also conventionally includes those works of Muslim writers (such as Jayasi) in the Persian script in which the content is Hindu rather than Muslim in nature.

It first began to appear in the 7th century AD and reached a consistency in the 10th. Almost all the earlier literature is in verse and in a dialect other than Khari Boli. The latter, on which modern standard Hindi and Urdu are based, was not widely used as a literary language until the end of the 17th century. Braj persisted as a medium for poetry until the late 19th century, although Khari Boli has now displaced it. Hence the anomaly that the language of modern Hindi literature is different from that of earlier periods.