taxonomic name given to an extinct hominin (member of the human lineage) that is presumed to have lived on the Indonesian island of Flores as recently as 18,000 years ago, well within the time range of modern humans ( Homo sapiens).

Skeletal remains of an adult female and other individuals were found at the Liang Bua cave on Flores in 2004 by a team of Australian and Indonesian anthropologists. An initial analysis of the remains indicated that H. floresiensis stood only some 100 cm (40 inches) tall and had long arms and a skull with a cranial capacity of a mere 380 cc, comparable to that of a modern chimpanzee; yet the delicate skeletal bones, nonprojecting face, and reduced dentition placed them squarely within the human family. On the basis of these findings, the hominin's discoverers classified it as a distinct species of genus Homo and theorized that it may have descended from H. erectus (Homo erectus), a much older and larger hominin that may also be the ancestor of modern humans.

They further hypothesized that the diminutive size of H. floresiensis may have been caused by island dwarfing, or endemic dwarfing, a process whereby some creatures confined to isolated habitats such as islands are known to have become smaller over time. Such dwarfing has never been seen in the remains of other members of the human family, which show that stature and brain size have generally increased from the earliest hominins up to modern humans.

Public curiosity about the new species abounded, and, in homage to a short-statured race in J.R.R. Tolkien (Tolkien, J.R.R.)'s novels, it was soon dubbed “hobbit-like.” However, the initial analysis of the find and the dwarfing hypothesis were immediately challenged by the scholarly community. Subsequent examinations of the remains contradicted the original conclusions, suggesting instead that they represent a population of modern humans that was quite gracile (slender) but of normal height.