major division of geologic time and deposits in North American during the Pleistocene Epoch (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago). The Illinoian, a time of widespread continental glaciation, follows the Yarmouth Interglacial Stage and precedes the Sangamon Interglacial Stage, both periods of more moderate climates. The Illinoian was named for representative deposits found over a large area of the U.S. state of Illinois, where as many as three separate till layers, sediments deposited by glacier action, are found. Other important Illinoian deposits are present in the states of Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. The Illinoian is considered to be equivalent to the Riss Glacial Stage of classical European usage.

In some areas of the United States, it is probable that average annual temperatures were depressed by as much as 5° F (about 3° C), and summers appear to have been cooler and moister, supporting tree cover in regions that are now grasslands. Toward the close of the Illinoian the summers became drier and warmer, influencing parallel shifts in the dominant plant cover. Corresponding shifts occurred in the fauna as well.