radiochemical method of analysis for measuring the mass and quantity of an element in a substance. The procedure involves adding to a substance a known quantity of a radioisotope of the element to be measured and mixing it with the stable isotope of the element. A sample is then taken from the mixture and analyzed. By measuring the amount of radioactive isotope and the amount of stable isotope present and determining the ratio of these amounts, both the quantity and mass of the element can be ascertained.

Isotope dilution is employed chiefly in analytical chemistry in situations in which precise quantitative analysis by conventional means is difficult. Certain kinds of geophysical investigations also require its use, as in determining the occurrence and distribution of trace elements in rock samples and meteorites.