captive of Native American Indians, whose published life story became one of the most popular in the 19th-century genre of captivity stories.

Jemison grew up on a farm near the site of present-day Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On April 5, 1758, a raiding party of French soldiers and Shawnee descended on the farm. Mary's two eldest brothers escaped, but three other children and the parents were killed. Mary was carried off and soon afterward adopted by a Seneca family, who treated her well. She was a widow with an infant son when she moved to the Seneca territory in western New York in 1762, settling in a town on the Genesee River near what is now Geneseo, New York. She married a Seneca in 1765 and by him bore several children, all of whom took her surname. Her husband was a leader in the Cherry Valley massacre of November 1778, and the next year she was forced to relocate to the Gardeau Flats near Castile, New York, when the retaliatory expedition under General John Sullivan destroyed her town. She lived there in her log cabin until 1831.

Jemison owned the largest herd of cattle in the region, and a tribal grant in 1797 made her one of the largest landowners. Her title was confirmed by the state in 1817, in which year also she was naturalized. In her personal life she lived largely by Native American customs. She was noted for her generosity, cheerfulness, and a vigour that remained with her into her 80s. As a result of an interview in 1823, James E. Seaver published A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison (1824), which quickly became enormously popular and eventually ran through some 30 editions. In 1831, white settlement in the district having become oppressively thick, she sold her land and moved to the Buffalo Creek Reservation, where she died in 1833. In 1874 her remains were reinterred near her old home on the Genesee River, in what later became Letchworth State Park.