novelist whose works marked the beginning of a major Brazilian generation of northeastern regional writers. Their fiction presents a largely socioeconomic interpretation of life in Brazil's most impoverished and drought-stricken region and is filled with local colour and appeals for justice and concern.

Almeida's literary career was paralleled by a career in politics; he served in the first cabinet of President Getúlio Vargas as minister of public works and transportation (1930–34) and was governor of the state of Paraíba (1951–54).

The problems endemic to the Brazilian northeast, including banditry in the arid backlands and the poverty and ignorance of the sugarcane workers in the more fertile coastal zone, are the focus of Almeida's novels. A Bagaceira (1928; Trash), his best-known work, deals with a group of sertanejos (independent smallholders) forced by drought to leave their own ranches for a life of near-slavery on tropical sugar plantations. Other works in the same vein are O Boqueirão (1935; “The Canyon”) and Coiteiros (1935; “Bandit-hiders”).