learned Buddhist monk and poet who became the first great Japanese historian.

Born into the highest order of the powerful, aristocratic Fujiwara family, he early in life entered a monastery of the Tendai Buddhist sect, first taking the priestly name Dōkai and later the name Jien. He soon began his historical writings designed to “enlighten people who find it hard to understand the vicissitudes of life.” In his great work, the Gukanshō (literally, “Jottings of a Fool”)—completed about 1220—he attempted to analyze the facts of Japanese history.

The Gukanshō reflects the pessimistic mappō Buddhist doctrine, which saw the feudal period in which its author lived as one of religious decline and of disintegration of Japanese civilization, a view also held by modern historians. Jien believed that changes in the feudal structure were necessary and defended the shogun's assumption of power.