John Adams's astute comments on the origin and growth of political parties were prompted by a pamphlet, Crisis, which had been sent to him by its author, William Keteltas. Adams, who had followed Washington in the presidency, had been out of office for 11 years when he wrote this letter to Keteltas on November 25, 1812.

I have received your polite letter of the 6th of the month and your present of the Crisis. You will excuse a question or two. In page first, you say, "Our administrations, with the exception of Washington's, have been party administrations." On what ground do you except Washington's? If by party you mean majority, his majority was the smallest of the four in all his legislative and executive acts, though not in his election.

You say, "our divisions began with Federalism and anti-Federalism." Alas! they began with human nature; they have existed in America from its first plantation. In every colony, divisions always prevailed. In New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Massachusetts, and all the rest, a court and country party have always contended. Whig and Tory disputed very sharply before the Revolution, and in every step during the Revolution. Every measure of Congress, from 1774 to 1787, inclusively, was disputed with acrimony, and decided by as small majorities as any question is decided in these days. We lost Canada then, as we are like to lose it now, by a similar opposition. Away, then, with your false, though popular, distinctions in favor of Washington.

In page eleventh, you recommend a "constitutional rotation, to destroy the snake in the grass"; but the snake will elude your snare. Suppose your president in rotation is to be chosen for Rhode Island. There will be a Federal and a Republican candidate in that state. Every Federalist in the nation will vote for the former, and every Republican for the latter. The light troops on both sides will skirmish; the same Northern and Southern distinctions will still prevail; the same running and riding; the same railing and reviling; the same lying and libeling, cursing and swearing will still continue. The same caucusing, assemblaging, and conventioning.

In the same page eleventh, you speak of a "portion of our own people who palsy the arm of the nation." There is too much truth in this. When I was exerting every nerve to vindicate the honor, and demand a redress of the wrongs, of the nation against the tyranny of France, the arm of the nation was palsied by one party. Now, Mr. Madison is acting the same part, for the same ends, against Great Britain, the arm of the nation is palsied by the opposite party. And so it will always be while we feel like colonists, dependent for protection on France or England; while we have so little national public opinion, so little national principle, national feeling, national patriotism; while we have no sentiment of our own strength, power, and resources.