high priest and ruler of the Jewish nation from 135/134 to 104 BC. Under his reign the Hasmonean kingdom of Judaea in ancient Palestine attained power and great prosperity, and the Pharisees (Pharisee), a scholarly sect with popular backing, and the Sadducees (Sadducee), an aristocratic sect that comprised the priesthood, became well-defined religious parties.

Hyrcanus was the youngest son of Simon Maccabeus and thus a member of the Hasmonean Dynasty (so-called after an ancestor named Hasmoneus). In 137 BC he and his brother Judas commanded the force that heroically repelled the invasion of Judaea led by Cendebeus, the general of the Syrian king Antiochus VII Sidetes. In 135 Hyrcanus' brother-in-law, Ptolemy, the governor of Jericho, assassinated Hyrcanus' father and two elder brothers; Hyrcanus then succeeded to the high priesthood and the supreme authority in Judaea. The remainder of Hyrcanus' reign was marked by his efforts to punish his enemies, ward off the Syrians, and enlarge Judaea's boundaries. Although he struggled in vain to destroy Ptolemy, he successfully thwarted Syrian incursions by alliance with Rome and conquered the unfriendly neighbouring territories of Samaria and Idumaea (Edom). He forced Idumaea to convert to Judaism, the first example of conversion imposed by the Jews in their history. Upon his death Hyrcanus was succeeded by his eldest son, Aristobulus I. Hyrcanus' reign was the last under which Judaea was a powerful, united state.