pope whose 33-day pontificate in 1978 was the shortest in modern times. He was the first pope to choose a double name and did so in commemoration of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI. He was the first pope in centuries who refused to be crowned, opting instead for the simple pallium of an archbishop.

Born of a poor family, Luciani graduated from the Gregorian University in Rome and was ordained a priest in 1935. Appointed deputy director of the seminary in the Belluno diocese, he taught moral theology, canon law, and sacred art. In 1948 he was made vicar-general of his diocese, and in 1958 he was appointed bishop of Vittorio Veneto. Made archbishop of Venice in 1969, he became a cardinal in 1973. He was elected pope on August 26, 1978, the first pope since Pius X (Pius X, Saint) (reigned 1903–14) to have a pastoral rather than a diplomatic or scholarly background. His sudden death, the result of a heart attack, led to rumours of foul play.