pope from 985 to 996, who carried out the first solemn canonization in history by papal decree.

His election, August 985, came during one of the darkest periods in papal history, shadowed by the murders of the popes Benedict VI and John XIV by the antipope Boniface VII. Boniface had been the candidate of the powerful Roman Crescentii family, and his sudden death in 985 consequently caused the family a political setback. Crescentius II's success in swaying John's election revived that family's good fortune. John's pontificate, marked by greed and nepotism, was thus dominated by Crescentius, except during the interpositions of Empress Theophano, the Holy Roman emperor Otto II's widow. Eventually John appealed to the German king Otto III, later Holy Roman emperor, against Crescentius but died before Otto could intervene. John's solemn canonization of Bishop St. Ulrich of Augsburg in 993 was the first recorded.