U.S. missionary to Hawaii who played a crucial role in governing the islands.

The son of a physician, Judd studied medicine in his father's office and at a medical school in Fairfield, N.Y. He was graduated in 1825 but the following year underwent a religious experience and decided to become a missionary. In 1827 the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions appointed him physician to the Sandwich Islands Mission, and in 1828 he arrived in Honolulu.

Until 1842 Judd occupied himself primarily with his missionary responsibilities, although he gradually came to be involved with the government—first as translator and interpreter, later as an adviser. On May 10, 1842, King Kamehameha III appointed Judd a member of the treasury board. Judd later became minister of foreign affairs (1843), minister of the interior (1845), and minister of finance (1846). Actually, he was the prime minister, actively directing nearly all aspects of the Hawaiian government. Judd represented the monarch on the committee that drew up the liberal constitution of 1852. He then returned to his life as a missionary but maintained an active interest in Hawaiian politics. He won a seat in the legislature in 1858 and took part in the constitutional convention of 1864—opposing King Kamehameha V's attempts to increase monarchical power. From 1863 until his death, Judd served on the board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association.