city, western Maharashtra (Mahārāshtra) state, western India. It is located on the Ulhas River northeast of Mumbai (Bombay) and is part of the Greater Mumbai urban agglomeration. A relatively unimportant trading centre in Roman times, Kalyan was fortified by Shah Jahān (Shāh Jahān) during the Mughal period. It became part of the Bijapur kingdom and subsequently fell to the Marathas (1662) and the British (1780). Now part of the Greater Mumbai industrial complex, it specializes in the manufacture of chemicals, synthetics, and electrical equipment. Its small-scale cottage industries, particularly hand-loom cotton and silk weaving, are still important. The city has good road and rail connections throughout the region and maintains weekly markets and the wholesale marketing of agricultural produce. Kalyan is also a port for the local coastal trade. It has several monuments from the Muslim period, including the Matabarkhan Palace and the Kālī Masjid (Black Mosque). The Laxmi Narayan Temple stands on a nearby hilltop. Pop. (2001) 1,193,512.