(Feb. 24, 1739), battle between the forces of Nādir Shah (Nādir Shāh), an Iranian adventurer, and Muḥammad Shah (Muḥammad Shāh), the Mughal (Mughal Dynasty) emperor of India, at Karnal, 70 miles (110 km) north of Delhi; the Mughals suffered a decisive defeat. Nādir led about 55,000 troops and Muḥammad about 15,000, but both sides, especially the Indian, had large numbers of noncombatants.

Nādir began his invasion by pursuing fugitives from Kandahār to Mughal-held Kabul (both now in Afghanistan). Divided counsels prevented a Mughal stand until Nādir reached Karnal. Jealousy and rashness led to the Indian defeat, and the emperor was besieged in his entrenched camp. Nādir marched to Delhi and massacred its inhabitants on March 11. He left Delhi on May 5 with plunder, including the famous Peacock Throne of Shah Jahān (Jahān Shāh). The Mughal Empire never recovered from this blow to its prestige.