oasis city, western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang (Sinkiang, Uygur Autonomous Region of), far western China. Kashgar lies at the western end of the Tarim Basin, in a fertile oasis of loess (silt deposited by the wind) and alluvial soils watered by the Kaxgar (Kashgar) River and by a series of wells. The climate of the area is extremely arid, with variable precipitation averaging about 3 inches (75 mm) per year (most falling as rain during the hot summer months). Average temperatures range from 21 °F (−6 °C) in January to 79 °F (26 °C) in July.

Kashgar's historical importance has been primarily as a trading centre. Situated at the foot of the Pamirs (mountains) where the ranges of the Tien Shan and the Kunlun Mountains join, Kashgar commanded historical caravan routes—notably the famed Silk Road westward to Europe via the Fergana Valley of present-day Uzbekistan, as well as routes going south to the Kashmir region and north to Ürümqi (Urumchi) and the Ili (Yili) River (Ili River) valley.

The Chinese first occupied Kashgar at the end of the 2nd century BCE, taking it from the Yuezhi people, who had been driven out of Gansu province. Chinese control, however, did not survive the 1st century CE, when the Yuezhi reoccupied the area. After complex waves of conquest by peoples from the north and east had swept over the area, the Chinese again conquered it during the late 7th and early 8th centuries under the Tang dynasty (618–907), but it was always on the farthest frontier of Chinese control. After 752 the Chinese were again forced to withdraw, and Kashgar was successively occupied by the Turks, the Uighurs (in the 10th and 11th centuries), the Karakitai (12th century), and the Mongols (in 1219), under whom the overland traffic between China and Central Asia flourished as never before. In the late 14th century, Kashgar was sacked by Timur (Tamerlane), and in the next centuries it suffered many wars. It was finally reoccupied by the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) in 1755. In the period from 1862 to 1875, Kashgar first was a centre of the Muslim Rebellion and then became the capital of the Muslim general Yakub Beg. Another Muslim rebellion, led by Ma Zhongyang, took place in the area from 1928 to 1937 but was finally suppressed by the provincial warlord Sheng Shicai with Soviet aid. Control by the Chinese central government was not restored until 1943.