city, Blair county, central Pennsylvania, U.S. It is situated on the eastern slopes of the Allegheny Front, a segment of the Allegheny Mountains that separates the Atlantic from the Mississippi valley watersheds. The city lies 45 miles (72 km) by road northeast of Johnstown. It was founded in 1849 by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as a base for building railroads over the Alleghenies. Its name probably derives from the Cherokee word allatoona (“high lands of great worth”).

The site, long a communications focus, had been settled since the 1760s, and Fort Roberdeau (1778) was established in the vicinity to protect the local lead deposits used by the patriot army during the American Revolution. In 1787 the Frankstown Path (a trail connecting the Susquehanna (Susquehanna River) and Ohio (Ohio River) river systems) was surveyed through the area; a road was built that shortly after 1800 was extended to Pittsburgh (80 miles 【130 km】 west). During the canal-building boom of the 1830s, the Portage Railroad, using railroad cars to haul barges up a series of inclined planes and down the western slopes, was developed to span the 36-mile (58-km) divide between the nearby Juniata and Conemaugh rivers.

Altoona's economy is based on diversified industries and railroad shops. Nearby are the 2,375-foot (724-metre) Horseshoe (railroad) Curve (with a central curve of 220°), the Prince Gallitzin State Park, Wopsononock Mountain (2,580 feet 【786 metres】), and Forest Zoo. The Altoona campus of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Altoona) was founded in 1939. Inc. borough, 1854; city, 1868. Pop. (1990) city, 51,881; Altoona MSA, 130,542; (2000) city, 49,523; Altoona MSA, 129,144.