doctor who was the United States' first brain surgeon.

After graduating (M.D., 1862) from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Keen was a surgeon for the U.S. Army in 1862–64 during the American Civil War. The next two years he did postgraduate work in Paris and Berlin. On his return to the United States, he became a lecturer in surgical pathology (1866–75) at his alma mater, concurrently teaching at the Philadelphia School of Anatomy. He also taught at the Women's Medical College of Philadelphia (1884–89) and was a professor of surgery (1889–1907) at Jefferson Medical College.

Keen was one of the first surgeons to successfully remove a brain tumour (1888). He also assisted the American surgeon Joseph Bryant in removing the left upper jaw of U.S. president Grover Cleveland (1893) for a malignant tumour. The operation was performed in total secrecy on a yacht in Long Island Sound and was a complete success. Keen's account of the event was published in the Saturday Evening Post (Sept. 22, 1917). In addition to his teaching and medical work, Keen served as president of the American Medical Association (1900) and edited Surgery: Its Principles and Practice, 8 vol. (1906–13).