city, southern Ukraine. It lies on the right (west) bank of the lower Dnieper River about 15 miles (25 km) from the latter's mouth. Kherson, named after the ancient settlement of Chersonesus (west of what is now Sevastopol), was founded in 1778 as a fortress to protect the newly acquired Black Sea frontage of Russia, and it became the first Russian naval base and shipyard on the Black Sea. It was named a provincial capital in 1803. The city grew steadily during the 19th century largely because of shipping and shipbuilding, and it remained a major shipbuilding centre throughout the 20th century. Other industries have included engineering, oil refining, and cotton-textile manufacturing. Kherson has a number of training and research institutes. Pop. (2001) 328,360; (2005 est.) 319,278.