Scottish soldier, a leader of Scotland's Protestants in the reign of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Stuart.

Kirkcaldy was one of the Protestant conspirators who murdered the powerful cardinal David Beaton (Beaton, David) at St. Andrews Castle in May 1546. From 1550 to 1556 he served in France as a secret agent for England. He returned to Scotland in 1557 and two years later joined the Protestant lords against the Roman Catholic Mary of Lorraine (Mary of Guise), mother of and queen regent for Mary Stuart. After Mary Stuart assumed control of the government in 1561, Kirkcaldy at first cooperated with her regime. His opposition to her marriage to Henry Stewart, Earl of Darnley (July 1565), however, caused him to join an abortive Protestant uprising against the queen. Pardoned for this offense, Kirkcaldy participated in the murder of Mary's Italian secretary, David Riccio (Riccio, David), in March 1566; nevertheless, he played no part in the murder of Darnley in February 1567.

When the queen married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was the suspected murderer of Darnley, Kirkcaldy joined with the Protestant lords against the ruling couple. He received Mary's surrender at Carberry Hill outside Edinburgh in June 1567 and—following her escape from confinement—his tactical skill brought about her forces' defeat at Langside near Glasgow in May 1568. Mary agreed to divorce Bothwell, and Kirkcaldy, switching sides, led her supporters in holding Edinburgh Castle against the partisans of her young son, King James VI. The stronghold surrendered in May 1573, and three months later Kirkcaldy was hanged. King Henry II of France called him “one of the most valiant men of our time.”