father of the Finnish (Finnish literature) novel and drama and the creator of Finland's modern literary language.

Though Kivi grew up in rural poverty, he entered the University of Helsinki in 1857. In 1860 he won the Finnish Literary Society's drama competition with his tragedy Kullervo, based on a theme taken from the Finnish national epic Kalevala. His most famous plays are the rural comedies Nummisuutarit (1864; “Shoemakers of the Heath”), the story of the unsuccessful courting of a simple-minded and gullible youth, and Kihlaus (1867; “Fugitives”). Kivi's Seitsemän veljestä (1870; Seven Brothers), the first novel written in Finnish, tells the story of some freedom-loving village youths who take to the woods and live a life of adventure but gradually mature and finally accept the responsibilities of sober citizens in a farming community. It contains elements of realism and Romanticism and a great deal of humour. As Finland's first professional writer, Kivi struggled throughout his life against poverty and hostile criticism. In his last years he was psychotic. Though his works are now regarded as classics, a collection of his poems, Kanervala (1866; “Land of the Heathen”), which departed from contemporary poetic conventions, did not begin to be fully appreciated until almost a century after his death.