German physician and bacteriologist noted for his work on the bacterial theory of infection. With Friedrich August Johannes Löffler (Löffler, Friedrich August Johannes) in 1884, he discovered the diphtheria bacillus, known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus.

Klebs was assistant to Rudolf Virchow at the Pathological Institute, Berlin (1861–66). He held several professorships in European universities and in Chicago at the Rush Medical College (1896). He preceded Robert Koch in studying the bacteriology of traumatic infections, and in 1876 he succeeded in producing endocarditis by mechanical means combined with general infection. From researches on tuberculosis he was able to produce bovine infection by means of milk. In 1878 he successfully transmitted syphilis to monkeys, antedating the experiments of Élie Metchnikoff and Émile Roux by 25 years. He also studied malaria, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, and gigantism. Apart from monographs and articles, he produced a handbook of pathological anatomy (1869–76) and a treatise on general pathology (1887–89).