(Japanese: “National Learning”), movement in late 17th- and 18th-century Japan that emphasized Japanese classical studies. The movement received impetus from the Neo-Confucianists, who stressed the importance of Chinese Classical literature. The Mito school of scholars, for example, initiated a monumental work, the Dai-nihon-shi (“History of Great Japan”), based on the Chinese model of histories. Soon, though, the Kokugaku movement attempted a purge of all foreign influences, including Buddhism and Confucianism. The “national learning” movement culminated in the Fukko (Fukko Shintō) (Restoration) school of Shintō under the leadership of such men as Kamo Mabuchi, Motoori Norinaga, and Hirata Atsutane. The Shintō revival, Kokugaku movement, and royalist sentiments of the Mito school all combined in the Meiji period (1868–1912) in the restoration of imperial rule and the establishment of Shintō as a state cult.