large caste living in the central and western mountain area of India, numbering about 650,000 in the late 20th century. The largest group of Koli live in Mahārāshtra and Gujarāt states. Although identified as cultivators and labourers, many Koli survive only by gathering firewood and hiring out as labourers, subsisting on berries and mangoes in summer when food is scarce. The coastal Koli fish, and a few literate Koli are employed in Bombay schools or local government.

The Koli are organized into several theoretically exogamous clans and are largely Hinduized but retain some of their former animism. They believe sickness is caused by an angry spirit or deity and that a second marriage may awaken the spirit of the first spouse. Traditionally classified as a tribe, they were redesignated as a low Hindu caste, containing the subcastes Agri and Ahir.