port city, southern Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies on the Arabian Sea northwest of Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital. The city is situated next to Asthamudi Lake, an inlet of the sea, and is linked with Alappuzha and Kochi (Kōchi) (Cochin) to the north by a system of canals and lagoons.

Kollam has existed for many centuries and was called Elancon by early travellers, Kaulam Mall by the Arabs, and Coilum by the 13th-century Venetian traveler Marco Polo (Polo, Marco). Its location made it commercially important; the first Europeans there were the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch in 1662 and then by the British.

Kollam has an active export trade and numerous industries, including mineral processing, manufacturing, and processing of agricultural products, especially cashew nuts. Kundara, a suburb to the northeast, has chemical, ceramic, and aluminum plants. The city has colleges affiliated with the University of Kerala. A railway links it with cities to the north, east, and south. Pop. (2001) 361,560.