Appointed field commander of the Polish forces in 1619, Koniecpolski was captured during the Battle of Cecorą (Ţuţora; 1620) by the Turks and held prisoner at Istanbul for three years. On returning to Poland, he defeated the Tatars (vassals of the Turks) at Martynów (1624), received the thanks of the Polish Sejm (Diet), and was made palatine of Sandomierz by King Sigismund III. In 1626 he was transferred to Prussia, where the Poles were engaged in a bitter conflict with the Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus (Gustav II Adolf). Koniecpolski subsequently won a series of victories in 1627 at Puck, at Hamersztyn (Czarne), and at Tczew. But he was also compelled to withdraw from strategic Polish strongholds in Prussia (1628), and, despite his victory over Gustavus at Trzcianka (June 27, 1629), the Polish-Swedish Truce of Altmark (Sept. 25, 1629) acknowledged Sweden as the dominant power on the southern Baltic Sea coast.

Appointed commander in chief of the Polish forces in 1632, Koniecpolski played a major role directing political affairs after the death of Sigismund III Vasa (April 30, 1632) and became an influential adviser of the new king, Władysław IV Vasa, as well as castellan of Kraków (1633). Encouraging Władysław to direct Polish foreign policy against the Tatars, Koniecpolski repulsed a Tatar invasion (July 1633), held back a large Turko-Tatar force at Kamieniec (October 1633), and soundly defeated the Tatars again at Ochmatow (1644). Koniecpolski also subdued mutinous Cossacks in Ukraine and built the fortress of Kudak (on the site of the later Dnepropetrovsk) there in 1635.

Koniecpolski gathered a fortune in lands in the western Ukraine; more than 100,000 people lived on his estates. He founded the market town of Brody, with a citadel and bastions (1633), and set up workshops producing Persian-type carpets there. He died on the eve of an expedition against the Turks.