Krogh studied zoology at the University of Copenhagen, becoming professor of animal physiology there in 1916. In 1906 he was awarded a prize by the Vienna Academy of Science for investigations described in his treatise Mechanism of Gas Exchange in Lungs. Krogh found that the capillaries contract or dilate in proportion to the tissue's requirement for blood—that active muscles, for example, have a greater number of open capillaries than do the less active. His study of the circulatory mechanisms that control the supply of oxygen to the tissues grew out of his primary interest, respiration, a subject in which he collaborated with his wife, Marie. He wrote The Respiratory Exchange of Animals and Man (1916) and The Anatomy and Physiology of Capillaries (1922).