born July 26, 1928, New York, New York, U.S.

died March 7, 1999, Childwickbury Manor, near St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England

American motion-picture director and writer whose films are characterized by a cool, formal visual style, meticulous attention to detail, and a detached, often ironic pessimism.

Paths of Glory (1957), a story of military injustice in the French army during World War I, brought Kubrick into prominence as a director. It was followed by films, mostly shot in England, that explored the incongruities and violence underlying modern life and reached imaginatively into the world of the future. After Spartacus (1960), a historical epic, Kubrick made Lolita (1962), based on the novel by Vladimir Nabokov (Nabokov, Vladimir); Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), which turned the possibility of a nuclear war into a grim joke; 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), which earned an Academy Award for special visual effects; A Clockwork Orange (1971), based on the dystopian novel by Anthony Burgess (Burgess, Anthony); Barry Lyndon (1975), based on William Makepeace Thackeray (Thackeray, William Makepeace)'s novel of manners; The Shining (1980), a horror film based on the novel by Stephen King; Full Metal Jacket (1987), about the Vietnam War; and the posthumously released Eyes Wide Shut (1999), an exploration of marital fidelity and sexuality.