Russian political figure and publicist who opposed the Bolshevik government.

Becoming involved in radical activities in the mid-1890s, Kuskova wrote the Credo, a manifesto for the revisionist Marxist school called economism, earning the condemnation of Vladimir Lenin and other revolutionaries in the process. In 1906 she and her husband published a journal for the liberal Union of Emancipation, and later she contributed to other socialist newspapers. After the October Revolution in 1917, she opposed the Bolsheviks and Lenin's authoritarian policies. Appointed in 1921 to the All-Russian Committee to Aid the Starving, she was later arrested and charged with using the committee to conspire against the government. In 1922 she was expelled from the U.S.S.R. and spent the remainder of her life writing for émigré journals and agitating against the Soviets.

She was a longtime friend of the writer Maksim Gorky, having introduced him to various intellectuals in the 1890s; but, when Gorky decided to return to the Soviet Union in 1929, she cut all ties with him.